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Cystitis

Pain in the bottom of the abdomen with cystitis

Cystitis is an inflammatory process that affects the internal walls of the bladder.In the early stages, it mainly affects the mucosa and, in serious cases, can spread to the muscle layer of the organ.

According to statistics, almost 35% of people (mainly women) at the age of 20 to 40 are faced with this pathology, it represents up to 67% of all cases of urological diseases.

Important! The inflammation of the bladder is characteristic of both sexes, however, due to anatomical characteristics, in women, it occurs 6 to 8 times more often.A wider, right and short uretre offers easy access to various urogenital infections.With age, the difference in frequency of occurrence in men and women is smoothed due to the growth of prostatitis in elderly men and associated secondary cystitis.

The diagnosis and treatment of pathology are engaged in an urologist.Women often have to use a gynecologist.

Cystitis: forms and types of pathology

Depending on the presence of internal inflammation sources, 2 types of cystitis are distinguished:

  • Primary - develops as an independent inflammation of the walls of a previously healthy bladder;More often in women;
  • Secondary - results from other diseases of urea or inflammation of adjacent tissues and organs (for example, with prostatitis in men).

By the nature of the disease, they distinguish:

  • acute shape;
  • Chronic form - Pain -free and burning mixed symptoms are characteristic.

In the field of coverage, the disease can be:

  • total, or general;
  • FOCAL - For example, a cervical shape with damage to the neck of the bladder;
  • With the lesion of the Lieto ureteral triangle (trigonite).

Note!Inflammation can cover the entire urinary system - In such cases, cystitis is the first clinical manifestation of renal stones or pyelonephritis disease.

Given the changes observed in the lesion area, distinguish yourself:

  • Catarrhal - Classic acute inflammatory process with damage to mucous tissues only;It is accompanied by severe hyperemia, swelling and release of serous exudat (serous shape);In a neglected case, it can enter in a purulent form (with the release of purulent exudat);
  • Phlegmonous - a special type of purulent inflammation with purulent damage overturned to the submucosal layer;
  • Granulomatous - accompanied by abundant rashes on the mucous membranes of the organ;
  • Hemorrhagic - an inflammatory process, accompanied by the release of blood in the urine;
  • Interstitial - with the involvement of deep muscle layers;
  • Ulcerative - with the formation of ulcers characteristic of the mucosa of the interior walls;
  • Inspector - For a long time, non -healing ulcers are invaded by salts;
  • Cystics - with the formation of cysts on the submucosal organ;
  • Gangrenous - with fabric murder.

Given the reasons, the whole variety of cases is divided into 2 large groups of infectious and non -infectious cystitis.

Infectious forms They develop under the influence of various urogenital and general infections.Distinguish:

  • Specific pathologies - pathogens (mainly bacteria) - chlamydia, gonococci, etc.;
  • Non -specific pathologies - The source of the disease is a variety of flora representatives conditionally pathogenic

Note!In rare cases, cystitis can occur in response to an infection of kidney tuberculosis.The disease is accompanied by a pronounced clinical picture.

Non -infectious cystitis - Develop as a result of non-biological damage to the mucous membranes of the organ.There are several types of pathological effects:

  • Radial impact - negative on the fabric of radiotherapy or exposure to radio;
  • Allergic or autoimmune - pathological reaction of the body to allergens (mainly personal hygiene products) or antigens of own tissues;
  • Trauma - with chopped or cut injuries, with damage to the walls with stones, a catheter, foreign bodies; 
  • Parasite - under the influence of toxic parasites, in particular the blood schistosome (type of flat verse);The risk area mainly includes travelers in the Middle East and Central Asia;
  • Thermal - with burns, during washing with too hot solutions;
  • Chemical toxic - when exposed to aggressive substances: drugs, concentrated metabolites, toxic substances, etc.;

How cystitis occurs: causes of pathology

The vast majority of cystitis has an infectious nature.The causal agent in this case can become both conditional pathogenic bacteria.coli, streptococci, staphylococci, enterococci and frequent representatives of urogenital-gonococcal infection, trichomonas, etc.

However, the aggression of microorganisms is not the main cause of the disease.For its successful effect, the body must be weakened by the influence of unfavorable external and internal factors.These include:

  • Chronic infections in other bodily systems - damage to carious teeth, intestinal diseases, various forms of acute respiratory infections, gynecological and MST inflammation;
  • Vitaminosis and hypovitaminosis in the context of an unbalanced diet;
  • Regular, nervous physical, mental overwork, as well as insomnia and lack of night sleep;
  • strong psycho-emotional stresses;
  • General weakening of the immune system, including with prolonged use of immunosuppressants;
  • Body hypothermia, the effect of sudden temperature changes - for women, it is sometimes enough to sit on a cold surface to start the inflammatory process in the pelvic organs, including the bladder;
  • A high sexual activity in the absence of a permanent partner (non -traditional sexual practices and unprotected sex are particularly dangerous);
  • Stagnant phenomena in the work of pelvic organs and a sedentary lifestyle in general, frequent constipation, an incomplete emptying due to the restrictions of the urethra or the tumors of the bladder, as well as a banal habit of "hardening to the last"; 
  • Mediocre or incorrect body hygiene - In 90% of cases, the pathogen of cystitis is E.Coli, who enters the bladder of the rectum;
  • Wearing a particularly narrow synthetic cloth, tightening the pelvic organs;
  • Abnormal development of urinary organs;
  • injuries and surgical intervention on pelvic organs;
  • Acute and fatty foods.

Furthermore, the cause of the disease should be mentioned endocrine disorders (diabetes mellitus, taking hormonal drugs) and general fluctuations in the hormonal background.This last reason is particularly characteristic of the female body, when the exacerbations of cystitis accompany the periods of menstruation, pregnancy or menopause.

Symptoms of the disease

The first symptoms of cystitis are an increase in urination and discomfort at the bottom of the abdomen.Otherwise, it all depends on the form of the disease and its cause. 

General list of possible features:

  • Frequent, sometimes false urilation;
  • Urine has a muddy color, blood impurities (hematuria) and pus are possible;
  • Pain at the bottom of the abdomen (can be given to the lower back);
  • sculpture and burn in the process of urination;
  • constant sensation of the fullness of the bladder;
  • Urine acquires an unpleasant odor;
  • daily or nocturnal enresis;
  • Improvement of body temperature and general weakness.

In rare cases of acute shape, chills, nausea, vomiting are possible.

Important! This disease is not characterized by a temperature above 37.5 degrees.If there is an excess of this indicator, it is necessary to examine the entire urinary system - perhaps the inflammatory process has reached the kidneys.

In women, pathology often takes place in an acute form and is accompanied by a classic set of symptoms.

Men is characterized by a chronic course of the disease with greased symptoms, which are often accompanied by signs of concomitant diseases of the sexual sphere (for example, Balanoposhite or Uretrite).

Diagnosis

Clear symptoms of the disease allow you to make the main diagnosis after talking with the patient and palpation.Additional methods of instrument and laboratory examination make it possible to establish the type and form of the disease, to identify the pathogen (with infectious lesions) and to prescribe the most effective therapeutic complex.

Instrumental diagnostics:

  • Echoscopy (ultrasound) - determines the degree of inflammatory processes, makes it possible to simultaneously assess the state of urinary and sexual systems;
  • Endoscopy (cystoscopy) - Examination of the bladder cavity using the optical system of the cystoscope allows you to assess the state of the internal intrusion, to identify possible pathologies and neoplasms;Made only after the disappearance of acute phenomena;
  • Cystography is an X-Ray examination using an X-Ray contract.

Laboratory research:

  • General analysis of urine - Check the level of pH, the concentration of leukocytes, red blood cells, proteins and uric acid salts;
  • Study of urine sediment for more specific results;
  • Baksev - to identify an infectious pathogen;
  • Tissue biopsy, followed by a histological examination;
  • PCR diagnostics - as effective as possible when identifying sex infections.

In some cases, the doctor may prescribe an analysis of blood biochemistry - it allows you to draw the characteristics of the body functioning with changes in the concentration of main electrolytes (potassium, sodium, calcium), as well as to assess the activity of enzymatic systems.

For women, it is important to carry out a gynecological examination for the presence of "female" inflammations, which often become the cause or the consequence of cystitis.

Attention! Often, inflammation of urea is the symptom of a more serious disease, therefore, a differential diagnosis is necessary for tuberculosis, prostatitis (in men), cancerous tumors, etc.

How is the treatment?

The acute form of cystitis goes easily and quickly in chronic, it is therefore very important to react to the first signs of the disease in time and correctly.

Attention! Often, after the acute manifestation of the first symptoms, inflammation comes independently.This does not mean that the patient has recovered - the disease can go "underground", and a more in -depth diagnosis of the body is necessary to identify the hidden pathological process.

Treatment, as a rule, complex, using conservative methods.With a competent approach, the result is favorable.Surgical intervention is only required in the most advanced cases.

The main list of appointments:

  • drug therapy;
  • Savings regime;
  • abundant drink;
  • Diet.

In chronic forms to restore the functionality of the bladder, a physiotherapy complex is attributed.

Drugs::

  • Antibiotics - in chronic forms, make an individual selection of drugs according to the results of the Bakposev;
  • Diuretics - Diuretics increase the flow of urine, washing the pathogenic flora and reducing the concentration of irritating substances;
  • antispasmodics;
  • Vitamin preparations.

To avoid the pathogenic effect of a large number of chemicals, the grades are actively used with cystitis, mainly anti-inflammatory and diuretic: stubborn, lingonberry, renal tea (orthosiphon), saint, spraying, chamomile, parsley.A good effect is given by pharmacy medicines based on vegetable materials.

Attention! Abundant consumption with cystitis is necessarily!The minimum volume of pure water is 2 liters.Recommended 2.5-3 liters.

Diet characteristics::

  • Exclude all marinades, sharp spices, pickles, candy, smoked and fried foods, as well as alcohol, tea, coffee, sweet soda;The salt of the diet should be eliminated as much as possible (!);
  • Reduce the amount of meat, fish, poultry, in particular fat varieties; 
  • Dairy products are consumed in small quantities - Cottage cheese with low fat, yogurt, milk, cheese with low and unresolved fog;
  • Increase the consumption of fresh and fruit vegetables (high preference for watermelon, pumpkin);
  • To avoid constipation in food, sound content, cereals and vegetable oils should be increased.

Characteristics of cystitis in pregnant women

Change the hormonal context during pregnancy creates the prerequisites for the abolition of the work of the immune system, which increases the risks of developing various inflammatory processes.The slightest hypothermia, a slight violation of hygiene rules and even usual climate change (the body considers it stress) can cause inflammation of the bladder.

When you wear a child, especially at the late stages of pregnancy, the pressure on the bladder due to the increase in the uterus increases.On the one hand, this causes stagnant phenomena in the pelvic area and contributes to the development of cystitis, on the other hand, exacerbates the manifestation of its symptoms, in particular:

  • The frequency of urination increases;
  • The feeling of pressure in the bladder becomes constant and does not stop even after its emptying.

Treatment during pregnancy is difficult due to the prohibition on the use of most antibacterial agents - they can negatively affect the complete development of the fetus.As an alternative, the instillation method is used - the introduction of savers' antibacterial agents of local action directly in the bladder cavity.The procedure is carried out in hospital under the control of medical staff.

Attention! Cystitis during pregnancy is dangerous for its complications.The high load on the kidneys during the gestation period requires constant monitoring of the state of the urinary system and urgent hospitalization in the event of the spread of inflammation to its higher departments.

How to warn the disease?

To prevent inflammatory processes in the urinary system, it is enough to adhere to the following rules:

  • Avoid hypothermia of the lower body - do not sit on the cold surface, keep your legs warm.
  • Exclude sharp and savory products from the diet.
  • Treat sexual infections in a timely manner, as well as other foci of inflammatory processes (including cavities).
  • Refuse synthetic materials, in particular in the composition of underwear.Avoid a narrow and tight pelvic area of clothes.
  • In the presence of sedentary work, take regular breaks of 10 to 15 minutes with a warm -up.
  • Carefully observe the rules of personal hygiene (especially for women) - during washing and wiping after defecation, all movements must be directed in the back.Lower underwear should be changed daily.During menstruation, it is necessary to change the joints and stamps as often as possible.
  • Try to urinate in time - at the first "call of nature", do not tolerate - it causes the stagnation of the urine and extends the walls of the bladder.Natural standard 5-6 times during the day.

With a recurring cystitis frequent for prevention purposes, you should drink a glass of cranberry juice per day - its pronounced antibacterial properties will prevent the disease or considerably reduce the frequency of its manifestations.